Hub Overview:

  • Sections are organized by the Dissemination and Implementation Research in Health: Translating Science to Practice (D&I Research Textbook) Table of Contents
  • References include a direct link to PubMed®

Section 1: Background

Introduction to D&I
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Section 2: Theory and conceptual foundations

Historical Roots of D&I Science
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Theories, Models, Frameworks
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Ethical Issues in D&I Research
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Section 3: Strategies and Methods

Implementation Strategies
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Fidelity
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Adaptation
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Organizational Processes
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Participatory Approaches
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Readings on Participatory Approaches

  • [Book] Wallerstein N, Duran B, Oetzel J, Minkler M. Community-Based Participatory Research for Health: Advancing Social and Health Equity. 3rd ed. (Wallerstein N, Duran B, Oetzel J, Minkler M, eds.). Wiley and Sons; 2017.
  • [Book] Israel, BA, Eng, E., Schulz, A.J., (editors) Methods for Community Based Participatory Research in Health (2nd edition). Jossey Bass;  2013.

Readings connecting engaged research and D&I

  • Pinto RM, Park S, Miles R, Ong PN. Community engagement in dissemination and implementation models: A narrative review. Implementation Research and Practice. 2021;2:2633489520985305.
  • Shelton R, Adsul P, Baumann A, Ramanadhan S. Community Engagement to Promote Health Equity through Implementation Science. In: Principles of Community Engagement. US Department of Health and Human Services; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; in press.
Economic Evaluation
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Mis-implementation and De-implementation
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Section 4: Design and Measurement

Design and Analysis
Determining Study Design
  1. [Website]: SIHH Study Section: https://public.csr.nih.gov/StudySections/DABP/HSS/SIHH
  2. Lane-Fall MB, Curran GM, Beidas RS. Scoping implementation science for the beginner: locating yourself on the “subway line” of translational research. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2019 Jun 28;19(1):133. doi: 10.1186/s12874-019-0783-z. PMID: 31253099; PMCID: PMC6599376.
Hybrid Effectiveness-Implementation Designs
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Overview
  1. Curran GM, Bauer M, Mittman B, Pyne JM, Stetler C. Effectiveness-implementation hybrid designs: combining elements of clinical effectiveness and implementation research to enhance public health impact. Med Care. 2012 Mar;50(3):217-26. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e3182408812. PMID: 22310560; PMCID: PMC3731143.
  2. Curran GM. Implementation science made too simple: a teaching tool. Implement Sci Commun. 2020 Feb 25;1:27. doi: 10.1186/s43058-020-00001-z. PMID: 32885186; PMCID: PMC7427844.
  3. Landes SJ, McBain SA, Curran GM. An introduction to effectiveness-implementation hybrid designs. Psychiatry Res. 2019 Oct;280:112513. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112513. Epub 2019 Aug 9. PMID: 31434011; PMCID: PMC6779135.
HYBRID TYPE 1 EXAMPLES
  1. Ma J, Yank V, Lv N, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Lewis MA, Kramer MK, Snowden MB, Rosas LG, Xiao L, Blonstein AC. Research aimed at improving both mood and weight (RAINBOW) in primary care: A type 1 hybrid design randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials. 2015 Jul;43:260-78. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2015.06.010. Epub 2015 Jun 19. PMID: 26096714; PMCID: PMC4537656.
  2. Hagedorn HJ, Stetler CB, Bangerter A, Noorbaloochi S, Stitzer ML, Kivlahan D. An implementation-focused process evaluation of an incentive intervention effectiveness trial in substance use disorders clinics at two Veterans Health Administration medical centers. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2014 Jul 9;9(1):12. doi: 10.1186/1940-0640-9-12. PMID: 25008457; PMCID: PMC4106217.
  3. Lane-Fall MB, Beidas RS, Pascual JL, Collard ML, Peifer HG, Chavez TJ, Barry ME, Gutsche JT, Halpern SD, Fleisher LA, Barg FK. Handoffs and transitions in critical care (HATRICC): protocol for a mixed methods study of operating room to intensive care unit handoffs. BMC Surg. 2014 Nov 19;14:96. doi: 10.1186/1471-2482-14-96. PMID: 25410548; PMCID: PMC4255652.
  4. Bramoweth AD, Germain A, Youk AO, Rodriguez KL, Chinman MJ. A hybrid type I trial to increase Veterans’ access to insomnia care: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2018 Jan 26;19(1):73. doi: 10.1186/s13063-017-2437-y. PMID: 29373993; PMCID: PMC5787269.
Hybrid Type 2 Examples
  1. Garner BR, Zehner M, Roosa MR, Martino S, Gotham HJ, Ball EL, Stilen P, Speck K, Vandersloot D, Rieckmann TR, Chaple M, Martin EG, Kaiser D, Ford JH 2nd. Testing the implementation and sustainment facilitation (ISF) strategy as an effective adjunct to the Addiction Technology Transfer Center (ATTC) strategy: study protocol for a cluster randomized trial. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2017 Nov 17;12(1):32. doi: 10.1186/s13722-017-0096-7. PMID: 29149909; PMCID: PMC5693537.
  2. Abbott A, Schröder K, Enthoven P, Nilsen P, Öberg B. Effectiveness of implementing a best practice primary healthcare model for low back pain (BetterBack) compared with current routine care in the Swedish context: an internal pilot study informed protocol for an effectiveness-implementation hybrid type 2 trial. BMJ Open. 2018 Apr 24;8(4):e019906. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019906. PMID: 29691246; PMCID: PMC5922514.
  3. Rich P, Aarons GA, Takemoto M, Cardenas V, Crist K, Bolling K, Lewars B, Sweet CC, Natarajan L, Shi Y, Full KM, Johnson E, Rosenberg DE, Whitt-Glover M, Marcus B, Kerr J. Implementation-effectiveness trial of an ecological intervention for physical activity in ethnically diverse low income senior centers. BMC Public Health. 2017 Jul 18;18(1):29. doi: 10.1186/s12889-017-4584-1. Erratum in: BMC Public Health. 2017 Sep 22;17 (1):736. PMID: 28720079; PMCID: PMC5516364.
  4. Rogers E, Fernandez S, Gillespie C, Smelson D, Hagedorn HJ, Elbel B, Kalman D, Axtmayer A, Kurowski K, Sherman SE. Telephone care coordination for smokers in VA mental health clinics: protocol for a hybrid type-2 effectiveness-implementation trial. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2013 Mar 15;8(1):7. doi: 10.1186/1940-0640-8-7. PMID: 23497630; PMCID: PMC3636068.
Hybrid Type 3 Examples
Pragmatic Research
Overview
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D&I Measurements and Measurement Issues
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External Validity through an Equity Lens
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Webtools
  • Stakeholder Engagement Navigator. An interactive web tool that can assist researchers in selecting stakeholder engagement approaches and methods aligned with their resources and purpose. https://Dicemethods.org .
  • Expanded CONSORT. https://medschool.cuanschutz.edu/docs/librariesprovider94/di-docs/exconsort-online_v1.pdf?sfvrsn=933106b9_0. Aims to encourage more transparent reporting of original research. To assist researchers in using the expanded CONSORT, a user’s guide and fillable expanded CONSORT diagram are available.
  • CONSORT-equity. http://www.consort-statement.org/extensions/equity Aims to improve more transparent reporting of health equity when relevant to clinical trials.122 The website includes useful resources including a checklist and flow diagram that can be downloaded.
  • PRECIS-2 tool. http://www.precis-2.org Developed to guide researchers to explicitly consider nine factors (originally 10) related to external validity when designing a study. PRECIS-2 visually summarizes the extent to which a trial is more versus less pragmatic for each of the nine factors, recognizing that no study is entirely pragmatic or entirely explanatory. Can be used when proposing or reporting on a study to allow both reviewers and potential adopters to interpret the relative strengths and weaknesses of the study from an external validity perspective.
  • RE-AIM. http://www.RE-AIM.org. The acronym refers to Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance, all important dimensions in the consideration of D & I research and in the external validity or applicability of research results in original studies for the alternative settings and circumstances in which they might be applied.
  • PRECEDE-PROCEED. www.lgreen.net. The two acronyms refer for health planning and evaluation to Predisposing, Enabling and Reinforcing Constructs in Educational/Economic Diagnosis & Evaluation and Policy, Regulatory, and Organizational Constructs in Educational and Environmental Development.   
  • Task Force on Community Preventive Services  http://www.thecommunityguide.org.   The Community Guide provides a repository of the 200+ systematic reviews conducted by the Task Force, an independent, interdisciplinary group with staff support by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Each review gives attention to the “applicability” of the conclusions beyond the study populations and settings in which the original studies were conducted.
Evaluation Approaches
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Mixed Methods Evaluation
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Section 5: Setting- and Population-specific D&I

Community and Public Health Settings
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Social Service Settings
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Health Care
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Schools
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Workplace
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Policy
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Health Equity in D&I Science
D&I frameworks for health equity
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Health Equity Resources
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Global Context: Novel Applications and Bi-Directional Opportunities
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Section 6: Dissemination and Scale-up

Designing for Dissemination and Sustainability
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Enhancing Dissemination through marketing and distribution systems

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Scale-up and Sustainment of Effective Interventions

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Training and Capacity Building

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Grant Proposal Development

Thinking Big Picture – Research question development
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  • VandenbrouckeJP, Pearce N. From ideas to studies: how to get ideas and sharpen them into research questions. Clinical epidemiology. 2018;10:253.
  • Pohl, C. (2014). From complexity to solvability: The praxeology of transdisciplinary research. In Transdisciplinary Sustainability Studies (pp. 119-134). Routledge.
  • Peters D H, Adam T, Alonge O, Agyepong I A, Tran N. Implementation research: what it is and how to do it BMJ 2013; 347 :f6753 doi:10.1136/bmj.f6753
  • Proctor EK, Powell BJ, Baumann AA, Hamilton AM, Santens RL. Writing implementation research grant proposals: ten key ingredients. Implement Sci. 2012 Oct 12;7:96. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-7-96. PMID: 23062065; PMCID: PMC3541090.
  • FandinoW. Formulating a good research question: Pearls and pitfalls. Indian journal of anaesthesia. 2019 Aug;63(8):611.
  • Riva JJ, Malik KM, Burnie SJ, Endicott AR, BusseJW. What is your research question? An introduction to the PICOT format for clinicians. The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association. 2012 Sep;56(3):167.
  • HulleyS, Cummings S, editors. Chapter 2: Conceiving the research question. In: Designing Clinical Research, an Epidemiological Approach. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1988:12–17.
  • Quanbeck A, Gustafson DH, MarschLA, ChihMY, Kornfield R, McTavish F, Johnson R, Brown RT, Mares ML, Shah DV. Implementing a mobile health system to integrate the treatment of addiction into primary care: a hybrid implementation-effectiveness study. Journal of medical Internet research. 2018;20(1):e37.
  • Aarons GA, Fettes DL, Sommerfeld DH, Palinkas LA. Mixed methods for implementation research: application to evidence-based practice implementation and staff turnover in community-based organizations providing child welfare services. Child maltreatment. 2012 Feb;17(1):67-79.
  • Chinman M, Woodward EN, Curran GM, Hausmann LRM. Harnessing Implementation Science to Increase the Impact of Health Equity Research. Med Care. 2017 Sep;55 Suppl 9 Suppl 2(Suppl 9 2):S16-S23. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0000000000000769. PMID: 28806362; PMCID: PMC5639697.
  • Kumanyika SK. A Framework for Increasing Equity Impact in Obesity Prevention. Am J Public Health. 2019 Oct;109(10):1350-1357. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2019.305221. Epub 2019 Aug 15. PMID: 31415203; PMCID: PMC6727309. [Supplement B: Potential Tool for Rating Research Proposals on Sensitivity to Health Equity Issues]
D&I Grant Writing – Key Readings and Resources
Is it time for implementation research?